Electronic Medical Records (Emr) Project` Essay - 1615 Words

Running Head: ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS (EMR) PROJECT` Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project CMGT/410 University of Phoenix Table of Contents Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project 3 Background 3 Statement of Need 3 Objectives 3 Mission and Goals of Project 3 Tasks 4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 5 Critical Path Method (CPM) 6 Performance Measurement 8 Project Plan 8 References 10 Table of Figures Figure 1: Level One 5 Figure 2: Level Two 6 Figure 3 - Critical Path 7 Figure 4: Gantt Chart 9 Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project Background Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is a nonprofit Healthcare organization in the city of Kelsey that has provided quality†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Decomposition is the subdivision of project deliverables into smaller task more manageable components until the deliverables are defined to the package level (PMBOK, 2004). Decomposition of the total project involves identifying what need to be delivered, organizing the task in work packages and then executed. The First level of the WBS defines and organizes all of the task required to complete the overall project. The plan for the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital; the overall goal is to implement an Electronic Medical Records System. To achieve the goal the requirements must be gathered, the system designed, the integration of the systems with the excising systems completed and finally the deployment of the system for use. All of these steps make up the phases of the overall goal of the project. [pic] Figure 1: Level One At the Second Level of the WBS the level one task are decomposed. The second levels of the WBS consist of the major task needed complete each phase of the level one task. As a result the first level task of gathering and implementing requirements is made up of the smaller task such as Architecture review, systems requirements, integration and deployment. Each of these task need to be completed to deliver the level one task. [pic] Figure 2: Level Two The third level of the WBS contains the entire collection of subtask that are required to complete the level two task. Each of these task are considered workShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Faced By The Student Run Clinic1451 Words   |  6 Pagesof older traditional paper medical record to an electronic record system (EMR). However, there are a number of sub-problems that needs to be addressed when implementing the transition, which are: a proper EMR application, work force, and analysis skills not limited to time and cost. In simpler words, the problem faced is mainly the lack of a proper way to implement EMR. There is privacy right over one’s health information; despite what form is used paper or electronic. Therefore, a crucial factorRead MoreAcquisition Support: A Case Analysis751 Words   |  3 PagesThis is especially true when computerizing medical records (i.e. electronic medical records). Using a scenario, this paper will further explore the justi fications for investing in IT, like an electronic medical record (EMR) system. Overview I am CIO in a rural hospital and there is a prospect of the hospital being bought by a larger healthcare provider. Funding is tight and the technology needs serious upgrades. I propose the implementation of an EMR system but it has been met with some disapprovalRead MoreApplication Of Electronic Medical Records1299 Words   |  6 Pageslocal community. The purpose of electronic medical records is to improve the efficiency of health care delivery by sharing information of a patient s history, treatment and outcomes. With this product we will save time, increase reimbursement, decrease physicians, nurses and other staff members wait time and increase better clinical outcomes. EMR generates data that can drive care quality, patient safety and effective financial management. The Center for Medical Services known as CMS has mandatedRead MoreSummary Of Hard And Soft Roi1668 Words   |  7 Pagesformulas are prominent in accounting, textbooks, and finance as well as health care prof essionals who use these formulas. Then, hard and soft benefits of projects vary depending on the for-profit and not-for-profit organization. The soft benefit also known as (qualitative data) is most useful for when a project team wishes to explore the root causes of project success or failure. Overall, hard methods primarily use data collection measure for objective realism. When it comes to softer methods they use subjectiveRead MoreEMR Systems in Health Care: Assessment and Implementation1751 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿EMR Systems Assessment and Implementation Introduction The days of paper-based records in health care are fading. It is widely believed that the broad adoption of electronic medical record (EMR) systems can lead to major health care savings, help eliminate medical errors, and improve healthcare outcomes for patients (Lynn, 2011). Because of such benefits, the Obama administration included EMR adoption in health care as a part of its overall agenda calling for the immediate investments necessaryRead MoreThe Electronic Medical Records ( Emr )1366 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is a secure source of information that give clinicians real-time access to a variety of patient health information. It is a new technology in the health and hospital information field where clinical, demographic, and management information is entered in a electronic record. EMR information can be accessed such as patient history, billing or insurance data, allergies, immunizations, medications, orders, laboratory tests, diagnostic results, and imagesRead MoreImplementing Organizational Change Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesImplementing Organizational Change October 22, 2012 Implementing Organizational Change Health care organizations that choose to convert to an electronic medical record system (EMR) have several advantages; most important it increases patient safety, efficiency, cost-effectiveness and security. Accepting such a transition also presents with its share of challenges like preparing for the required significant time obligation and resources that will make the transition a successful one. LeadershipRead MoreWgu Nut1 Nursing Informatics1481 Words   |  6 PagesNUT1 Task 1 Western Governors University NUT1 NUT1 Task 1 What is EMR? Electronic Medical Records â€Å"a paperless, digital and computerized system of maintaining patient data, designed to increase the efficiency and reduce documentation errors by streamlining the process.†(Santiago, n.d., para. 1) Benefits of EMR * Paper records can be reduced or completely eliminated. * Less time consuming. * Enhances efficiency. * Reduces errors in documentation, as the process of entering informationRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages to this system are discussed as wellRead MoreStanford Hospitals And Clinics ( Shc )1066 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom around the world, making an effective implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR) vital to care and treatment of a myriad of patients, as well as to the clinicians and staff of SHC. Broad Implications of the Case The implementation of an EMR in a large, integrated health system is a complex and comprehensive process that will be extremely expensive and consume significant time and resources. The selection of the right EMR system, which can be customized and integrated to meet the needs

Activity Based Costing Free Essays

Probably the most popular proposal to upgrade the traditional cost accounting system is activity-based costing (ABC). The purpose of ABC systems is to focus on the causes behind indirect costs. It is primarily a system of allocation. We will write a custom essay sample on Activity Based Costing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Activities rather than traditional departments are emphasized in order to isolate the cost drivers, which are the factors most likely to cause or contribute to the incurrence of costs. ABC systems are designed to be complementary with the technological changes in the factories due to enhanced global competition. t refers to the basis for cost accumulation, either direct or indirect, to products or services. The traditional approach to assigning costs to products is to attach those costs that are directly traceable to the product and allocate the indirect costs by a measure of volume, such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or machine hours. According to Anderson and Kaplan (2004), a cardinal principle of ABC is this: if products or services are made to specifications known to add value for the customer, then activities, and hence costs, that can be removed without compromising these specifications are unnecessary and should be removed. Benefits of ABC Systems to Companies Companies can benefit from ABC through the system’s attempt to improve the allocation of indirect costs by identifying the activities that are responsible for the costs. Costs and expenses that cannot be economically traced directly to a cost objective are to be allocated on a rational basis. Costs and expenses that can be directly traced to a revenue-producing division, a single product line, or to any defined cost objective need not be allocated. Traditionally, only direct materials and direct labor were assumed to be directly traceable to separate product lines. That assumption will no longer be followed. Instead, it will be assumed that elements of manufacturing overhead, administrative expenses, and marketing expenses may be economically traced to product lines, or revenue-producing divisions. ABC as a process-based approach represents one capital budgeting strategy for analyzing investment opportunities which allows managers to vary the underlying activity drivers in business processes in order to study the impact of different levels in the process itself. Managers have the potential to learn much more about investment risks when they study the uncertainties in the business processes, rather than the traditional overview approach. This traditional approach has typically focused upon highly aggregated revenue and cost items that are merely the result of business processes. Contemporary organizations normally develop activity-based costing systems to provide more accuracy in assigning indirect and support costs to activities, business processes, products, services, and customers. ABC systems have recognized that organizational resources are needed both for direct production of goods and services and for indirect or support activities (Neely, 2002). The goal of organizations is for the ABC to measure and then price out all the resources used for activities that generate the production off and services for customers. The principal difference between the traditional costing methods and ABC systems is the number and type of cost drivers used. The traditional product costing systems uses allocation bases that may or may not have been cost drivers. Companies may find that direct labor is not a cost driver and may never be a cost driver, especially in highly automated production environments. Therefore, these companies utilize the ABC system because it uses a much larger number and variety of cost drivers than the one or two volume-based cost drivers typical for a traditional cost system. As a result the ABC method increases accuracy. Application and Benefits of ABC in the Pilgrims Manufacturing Inc. Company Activity-based costing system is effective and appropriate for the company because, as Hammer and Champy (1993) state, it facilitates the use of process-based management that represents an evolving management strategy for highly competitive environments, as opposed to the traditional, departmental management focus. Moreover, activity-based costing focuses upon the broader control span of cross-functional processes of how work really gets done in organizations, as opposed to the narrow control span of individual departments of organizations. Business processes have been discussed as a series of activities that are cross-functionally linked to achieve specific organizational objectives. An activity-based costing system should be developed within the company to satisfy some of the weaknesses of the traditional systems of accounting for and controlling costs. It is important to recognize the place of ABC systems in the overall picture of cost management. In traditional cost systems, direct materials and labor are the only costs traced directly to the product. Manufacturing overhead costs, by definition, are not traced, but allocated to the product. They may be traced to an activity or a service department or some other cost objective, but not to the product itself. Administrative, engineering and marketing expenses are not included in production costs even when they can be traced directly to the product. ABC along with other new concepts such as computer-integrated manufacturing and total cost management advocate changes in the traditional system to coincide with technological changes in the production process. Once the factory has been reorganized to provide maximum efficiency and minimum wasted resources, the cost system can be streamlined to serve the needs of managers, not just to satisfy the presentation of data in the financial statements. ABC seeks to identify activities that cause or drive costs. Once these activities are identified, product costs are assigned according to the activities consumed. Typical activities would be storage time, wait time, number of setups, number of engineering changes, and move time. The traditional cost system usually assumes that the only relevant activities are volume (measured in units of product), direct labor hours, or direct labor dollars. ABC expands these activities and claims better assignment of overhead as a result. WORKS CITED 1. Anderson, S. Kaplan, R. (2004). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing. Harvard Business Review, November, pp. 131-138. 2. Hammer, M. Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation. New York, NY: Harper Business. 3. Neely, A. (2002). Business Performance Measurement: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press. How to cite Activity Based Costing, Papers

Online Recruitment System Essay Sample free essay sample

1. IntroductionAn Information System is a system that combines information engineering. people. and informations to back up concern demands. It handles day-to-day concern minutess with consequence to bettering company productiveness. It besides helps the directors to do sound determination that concerns the operation of the concern. [ FLOR2010 ] The major constituents to carry through the specific dealing that will stand for information are People. Machine and Method. It depends on the manual dealing and concerned in supplying information on the peculiar state of affairs or job. A dealing procedure system ( TPS ) is an information processing system for concern minutess affecting the aggregation. alteration and retrieval of all dealing informations. Features of a TPS include public presentation. dependability and consistence. [ TECH2012 ] TPS procedure every detailed information that will update records about a peculiar dealing of the company and should follow the processs of the conc ern. Those processs are like everyday being done repeatedly. It is more efficient and effectual when the users need to recover. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Recruitment System Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page modify and hive away a certain information on computing machine system in a minimum period of clip. Once the information stored into the database. It is more accessible comparison on grouping all the dealing and processes them in a majority. MSL star is one illustration of a company that uses TPS. MSL Stars is utilizing Microsoft excel to hive away all the information. demands and status of the applier. And Microsoft Word for making a list of qualified applier on specific occupation place that will direct to the client through yahoomail. com. With the addition of figure of applicant every twenty-four hours. the company process fail to simplify ordinary undertaking such as ; monitoring and updating informations and position. Even seeking and filtering of applicant’s informations and position takes clip. Besides in supervising the applier there is besides a black listed or those people who didn’t take earnestly are recorded and credential of the applier is besides recorded that takes batch of clip. In maximising their work in an efficient and effectual manner for occupation arrangement they need to do usage of the World Wide Web. Through the usage of the Internet it is possible to increase the per centum of enlisting of an applier and in the same clip the procedure of hive awaying. modifying and recovering the informations can be entree instantly. Thus. fortunes mentioned above green goods by our research led us to make an on-line enlisting that will optimise their work particularly when it comes in enrolling through walk-in and an online system that has the capable to enroll and pool possible applier. Online enlisting uses the power of the cyberspace to fit people to occupations. Basically. it is about publicizing vacancies on either occupation sites or corporate web sites. At this really basic degree it is peculiarly effectual at acquiring a high degree of response. While it may bring forth 100s more applications than traditional print advertisement. merely pulling more campa igners is merely portion of the occupation. The current position is that genuinely effectual on-line enlisting could be every bit low as 10 % of the top blue-chip corporate companies. [ HRMG2012 ] 1. 1. Background of the ProblemMSL Star has thirteen ( 13 ) employees. at the same clip they are all undertaking coordinator. Each undertaking coordinator is utilizing MS Excel as their database ; they don’t have any entree to see other undertaking coordinators database in their unit when they need some information. When there is a new undertaking for enrolling they are devouring a batch of clip on seeking those applicant on the file cabinet and databases. 2. 2. Overview of the Current State of the Technology MSL Stars ( MSL Stars Human Resources Corporation ) founded on July 16. 2011 by the board of managers of the corporation and located at Unit 3-D. Astoria Building. 1170 A. Mabini Street. Ermita. Manila. A Philippines Overseas Employment Administration licenses for recruit. procedure and deploy land based worker with license figure: POEA-016-LB-082312-UL. Mrs. Lee Ann C. Lazaro is the Corporate Secretary of MSL Stars. she provides services such as work force enlisting. executive hunt. administering undertaking to the undertaking coordinators. And she’s besides the one responsible in treating all the dealing in occupation application manually. On the day-to-day modus operandi of concern. receptionist is the 1 who encodes the full walk-in appliers organize into Microsoft Excel and administer it to the undertaking coordinator. The undertaking coordinator communicates with appliers in intent of formalizing. clarifying and requesting for demands. Posting of occupation description for the undertaking is besides a portion of their occupation. Processing section is roll uping all demands of applicant and informing the undertaking coordinator. if there is an efficient demand of an applier. When the applier is deployed. they are besides the 1 who will look into if the employer has a job with the applier or frailty versa. MSL Stars is accepting appliers and employers in two ways. through walk-in and online. In walk-in applications. applier is required to fill-up a signifier so it will be encoded into MS Excel for future mentions. Those application signifiers and demands by the walk-in appliers are placed in the filing cabinets. In on-line applications. applier use the workabroad. pH in happening for a occupation so fill-up the signifier and it will be automatically salvage to its database. MSL Stars acquire all the appliers informations through logging-in to their history in the site. They looked for a qualified applicant base on the employer’s demands and send oning the information or restart through electronic mail. Currently the company has an norm of 30 ( 30 ) walk-in appliers and norm of seven hundred ( 700 ) online appliers thru workabroad. pH. Besides have international client in Saudi Arabia. Kuwait. Singapore Qatar. Japan. United Arab Emirates and Bahrain with several sort of occupation place. 2. 3. Undertaking Rationale By developing an information system and online enlisting system. their procedure of accepting job-seeker and send oning it to employers will be more efficient. With the usage of package database all of the applier will be categorized decently base on their Fieldss and easy bring forth a backup transcript in another database. In add-on. all employers has the right to entree several applier record depend on what making do they need from the appliers. 2. 4. Significance of the Study ApplicantsTo the appliers. it can take a batch of clip when they are using in some companies. They should travel direct to the company and direct some sketch. Using this web site they can use wherever they want and it can assist them to see their position in the occupation that they want to use. Clients CompanyTo the company. this survey will decrease their disbursals in workabroad. pH. Besides. the procedure of the occupation in the company will be a batch faster and more efficient. Student 2. Undertaking DESCRIPTION2. 1. General ProblemHow to make an information and online enlisting system for MSL Stars Human Resources Corporation? MSL Stars is utilizing workabroad. pH as their on-line enlisting but it doesn’t incorporate some characteristics that are needed by the company. In extra. the disbursals on holding a web site is less expensive comparison to workaboard. pH. 2. 2. Specific Problem 1. How to make a faculty that the client can utilize to log-in?The company is presently utilizing work abroad ( workabroad. pH ) as their web site which does non hold a installation for client to log-in. 2. How to make a faculty that can do a undertaking for the company by the client? On the present twenty-four hours. they manually do their work in making a undertaking based on their client demands on specific occupations at measure of the appliers. 3. How to make a faculty that can post the occupation offer. job-fair and other events? Not all the job-offer. job-fair and other events of the company are posted in the work abroad. The job-seeker has a limited beginning of company to use with because non all the undertakings are posted in work abroad. 4. How to make a faculty that the applier can utilize to register? MSL Stars is holding a difficult clip following the applicant’s information. On the other manus. the information of one undertaking coordinator is unaccessible by other undertaking coordinators. Besides. the applier can non see their position in the occupation that they had applied. 5. How to make a faculty that can see the study position and occupation petition? Project coordinator can’t update their client about the position of their several undertakings. The client can merely cognize the position of their undertaking if it is done. 2. 3. Proposed Research Project 2. 3. 1. General AimsTo make an information and online enlisting system for MSL Stars Human Resources Corporation. MSL Stars will be more efficient in file managing and administering matching applier to the certain employer. They besides thought that holding a web site will concurrent in our universe trends. 2. 3. 2. Specific Aims 1. To make a faculty that the client can utilize to log-inThe clients should log in in the web site to direct a propose occupations and demands of the undertaking. This will besides function as a agency of communicating of the client to MSL Stars. 2. To make a faculty that can do a undertaking for the company by the client. Through online. client can direct a proposed undertaking which will be given to the company that will be approved by the board of managers. 3. To make a faculty that can post the occupation offer. job-fair and other events. workabroad. pH is a sample of web site that post occupation chances. This will assist MSL Stars to better strategic enlisting in deriving more appliers in the Philippines. 4. To make a faculty that the applier can utilize to register. The information of the applier will function as a future mention of the company. in instance that there is a new undertaking. Using his/her history. they can look into their position in the occupation that they had applied. 5. To make a faculty than can see the study position and occupation petition. The clients will cognize any updates about the undertaking and these will function as a mention about the appliers. 2. 3. 3. Scope and RestrictionScopeOur front-end system is capable of posting. modifying freshly vacancy of the specific occupation depend on what the employers need and canceling it one time the offered occupation is closed. Additional. job-seeker can use through the certain vacancy occupation and can merely direct their sketch one’s but before completion a dealing sum-up of the appliers informations will demo up to verify their information. Employer are empowered to give a feedback base on the personality and capableness of the appliers from the company and if they are hired or rejected. Our back-end system is capable to seek a specific applier or employer information came from the front-end and besides gives a graphical presentation of measure by measure process and demands of the applier. Employee has the rights to add or encode the application signifier that came from the applier. Besides. they can give the feedback base on the personality and capableness of the applier and if they are hired or rejected. Employees are besides capable of updating the applicant demand base on the applicant flow chart green goods by the company. Restriction Our front terminal and back terminal system is non capable for on-line payment. Besides. it can non supply all the undermentioned scrutiny that has been taken outside of the company’s legal power ; in United Arab Emirates they have Health Authority Abu Dhabi ( HAAD ) for nursing appliers. Singapore Nursing Board Examination ( SNB ) for nurses. for US/Canada/UK they have International English Language Testing System. ( IELT ) . it conforms to the highest international criterions of linguistic communication appraisal. It tests the four linguistic communication accomplishments – hearing. reading. authorship and speech production. MethodologyThe 4th coevals technique ( 4GT ) paradigm has resolved the job of the new system. This is the most applicable methodological analysis for our Thesis because we have a three ( 3 ) footings grace for us to acquire all the information we need and to do our undertaking the right system for the company. The research workers chose this method because you can travel back to the old stage you have passed on. so go on to the following stage. Like other paradigms. 4GT Begins with a demands garnering measure. Ideally. the client would depict demands and these would be straight translated into an operational paradigm. But this is impracticable. The client may be unsure of what is required. may be equivocal in stipulating facts that are known. and may be unable or unwilling to stipulate information in a mode that a 4GT tool can devour. Requirements Gathering TestingExecution utilizing 4GTDesign Strategy Figure1. 0 Fourth Generation TechniqueRequirements GatheringThis measure is applied when we gather informations through interview. research and observation. In systems technology and package technology. encompasses those undertakings that go into finding the demands or conditions to run into for a new or altered merchandise. taking history of the possibly conflicting demands of the assorted stakeholders. such as donees or users. It is an early phase in the more general activity of demands technology which encompasses all activities concerned with arousing. analysing. documenting. validating and managing package or system demands. Design Strategy Design scheme is a subject which helps houses find what to do and make. why do it and how to introduce contextually. both instantly and over the long term. This procedure involves the interplay between design and concern scheme. organizing a systematic attack incorporating holistic-thinking. research methods used to inform concern scheme and strategic planning which provides a context for design. While non ever required. design scheme frequently uses societal research methods to assist anchor the consequences and extenuate the hazard of any class of action. The attack has proved utile for companies in a assortment of strategic scenarios. Execution of 4GT Execution of 4GT is the realisation of an application. or executing of a program. thought. theoretical account. design. specification. criterion. algorithm. or policy. TestingSoftware proving is an probe conducted to supply stakeholders with information about the quality of the merchandise or service under trial. Software proving can besides supply an aim. independent position of the package to let the concern to appreciate and understand the hazards of package execution. Test techniques include. but are non limited to. the procedure of put to deathing a plan or application with the purpose of happening package bugs ( mistakes or other defects ) . 3. Chapter 3 Title 3. 1. Angstrom3. 2. ResourcesHardwareHere are the different input and end product hardware devices that the advocates will utilize for the Information and Online Recruitment System for MSL Stars Human Resources Corporation. * Input Device* Keyboard – an input device used to type in words and Numberss and besides will assist to encode the information needed. * Mouse – an input device that allows the user to used bids easy * Output Devicess * Printer – a computing machine peripheral which produces a difficult transcript ( lasting human-readable text and/or artworks ) of paperss stored in electronic signifier. normally on physical print media such as paper or transparences. * Printer reception –an end product device used to publish the purchase reception. * Monitor – an end product device that is used to show end product from a computing machine. picture camera. VCR or other picture generator. * Local Area Network ( LAN ) – Used in Ethernet to pass on with other computing machine within the company/network. * Hub – A common connexion point for devices in a web. Hubs are used to link section of LAN. * UTP ( Unshielded Twisted Pair ) Cable – Used to link the computing machine to hub to pass on with other computing machine. * RJ45 Connector – normally used for web cabling and for telephone applications. It’s besides used for consecutive connexions in particular instances. This will be usage for web cabling Software * Microsoft Visual Studio 2010The advocate will utilize this for developing frontend and backend. because this application has flexibleness for developing a system utilizing in a different scheduling linguistic communication and characteristic like Crystal Report for publishing a studies. Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 is besides compatible to utilize with Microsoft SQL Server in footings of linking the database to the plan. * Microsoft SQL waiter 2008 The advocates will utilize Microsoft SQL Server 2008 because of its chief and valuable characteristics of a relational database and the ability for objects to interchange information. This ensures that the information is unambiguously identified and non duplicated among assorted object of the application. Information entered on a signifier during informations entry is made available to other signifiers and studies that are needed.

modern interpretation essays

modern interpretation essays Statutory interpretation is the legal process whereby a judge applies a statute to a case and must give meaning to the words in the statute in order to decide what they mean and how it should be applied to a particular case. When interpreting statutes, the judges role is to put into effect the Parliaments wishes. Conflicts may arise when deciding if the intention of Parliament can be found in the words of the statute itself or whether judges should acquire into the purpose of the Act then interpret the words themselves. In order to interpret these statutes, over the years, various guidelines were developed in order to assist judges in their interpretative function. The basic approaches which first arose are the literal rule, the golden rule and the mischief rule. The first main approach used by judges in interpreting statutes is the literal rule. This approach requires courts to give the exact meaning of words in statutes where there is no uncertainty and the meaning is clear. However, sometimes the literal rule may lead to an absurd result. An example of a case is Fisher v Bell(1961) where a statute stated it was an offence to offer for sale offensive weapons. The verdict was the shopkeeper, who was displaying flick knives, was not offering for sale but making an invitation to treat and he was acquitted. (Vickery The second approach is an extension of the literal rule which is the golden rule. If the exact meaning of words were to lead to an absurd result, the court would apply the least ridiculous meaning in order to avoid an absurd result. An example of a case is R v Allen(1872) whereby the defendant claimed it was no legal to marry another while already married. The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 stated Whosoever being married...shall marry another...commits an offence.... This would mean no one could ever be convicted and it was an absurd result. Therefore they...

Biography of Sir Winston Churchill, UK Prime Minister

Biography of Sir Winston Churchill, UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill (November 30, 1874–January 24, 1965) was a legendary orator, a prolific writer, an earnest artist, and a long-term British statesman. Yet Churchill, who twice served as prime minister of the United Kingdom, is best remembered as the tenacious and forthright war leader that led his country against the seemingly undefeatable Nazis during World War II. Fast Facts: Winston Churchill Known For: Prime minister of the United Kingdom during World War IIAlso Known As: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer ChurchillBorn: November 30, 1874 in Blenheim, Oxfordshire, EnglandParents: Lord Randolph Churchill, Jennie JeromeDied: January 24, 1965 in Kensington,  London, EnglandEducation: Harrow School, Royal Military Academy, SandhurstPublished Works:  Marlborough: His Life and Times, The Second World War, six volumes, A History of the English- Speaking Peoples, four volumes, The World Crisis, My Early LifeAwards and Honors: Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Order of Merit,  Honorary Citizen of the United States, Nobel Prize in LiteratureSpouse: Clementine HozierChildren: Diana, Randolph, Marigold, Sarah, MaryNotable Quote: The mood of  Britain  is wisely and rightly averse from every form of shallow or premature exultation. This is no time for boasts or glowing prophecies, but there is this- a year ago our position looked forlorn, and well nigh desperate, to all eyes but our own. Today we may say aloud before an awe-struck world, ‘We are still masters of our fate. We still are captain of our souls. Early Life Winston Churchill was born on November 30, 1874 at his grandfathers home, Blenheim Palace in Marlborough, England. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a member of the British Parliament and his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American heiress. Six years after Winstons birth, his brother Jack was born. Since Churchills parents traveled extensively and led busy social lives, Churchill spent most of his younger years with his nanny, Elizabeth Everest. It was Mrs. Everest who nurtured Churchill and cared for him during his many childhood illnesses. Churchill stayed in touch with her until her death in 1895. At age 8, Churchill was sent off to boarding school. He was never an excellent student but he was well-liked and was known as a bit of a troublemaker. In 1887, the 12-year-old Churchill was accepted to the prestigious Harrow school, where he began studying military tactics. After graduating from Harrow, Churchill was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1893. In December 1894, Churchill graduated near the top of his class and was given a commission as a cavalry officer. Churchill, the Soldier and War Correspondent After seven months of basic training, Churchill was given his first leave. Instead of going home to relax, Churchill wanted to see action; so he traveled to Cuba to watch Spanish troops put down a rebellion. Churchill didnt go just as an interested soldier, however. He made plans to be a war correspondent for Londons The Daily Graphic. It was the beginning of a long writing career. When his leave was up, Churchill traveled with his regiment to India. Churchill also saw action in India when fighting Afghan tribes. This time, again not just a soldier, Churchill wrote letters to Londons The Daily Telegraph. From these experiences, Churchill also wrote his first book, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898). Churchill then joined Lord Kitcheners expedition in the Sudan while also writing for The Morning Post. After seeing a lot of action in the Sudan, Churchill used his experiences to write The River War (1899). Again wanting to be at the scene of the action, Churchill managed in 1899 to become the war correspondent for The Morning Post during the Boer War in South Africa. Not only was Churchill shot at, but he was also captured. After spending nearly a month as a prisoner of war, Churchill managed to escape and miraculously made it to safety. He also turned these experiences into a book he titled, London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900). Becoming a Politician While fighting in all these wars, Churchill decided he wanted to help make policy, not just follow it. So when the 25-year-old returned to England as both a famous author and a war hero, he was able to successfully run for election as a member of Parliament (MP). This was the start of Churchills very long political career. Churchill quickly became known for being outspoken and full of energy. He gave speeches against tariffs and in support of social changes for the poor. It soon became clear that he did not hold the beliefs of the Conservative Party, so he switched to the Liberal Party in 1904. In 1905, the Liberal Party won the national election and Churchill was asked to become the under-secretary of state at the Colonial Office. Churchills dedication and efficiency earned him an excellent reputation and he was quickly promoted. In 1908, he was made president of the Board of Trade (a cabinet position) and in 1910, Churchill was made home secretary (a more important cabinet position). In October 1911, Churchill was made first lord of the Admiralty, which meant he was in charge of the British Navy. Worried about Germanys growing military strength, he spent the next three years working diligently to strengthen the service. Family Churchill was a very busy man. He was nearly continuously writing books, articles, and speeches while holding important government positions. However, he made time for romance when he met Clementine Hozier in March 1908. The two were engaged on August 11 of that same year and married just a month later on September 12, 1908. Winston and Clementine had five children together and remained married until Winstons death at age 90. Churchill and World War I When the war began in 1914, Churchill was praised for the work he had done behind the scenes to prepare Great Britain for war. However, things quickly started to go badly for him. Churchill had always been energetic, determined, and confident. Couple these traits with the fact that Churchill liked to be part of the action and you have Churchill trying to have his hands in all military matters, not only those dealing with the navy. Many felt that Churchill overstepped his position. Then came the Dardanelles campaign. It was meant to be a combined naval and infantry attack on the Dardanelles in Turkey, but when things went badly for the British, Churchill was blamed for the whole thing. Since both the public and officials turned against Churchill after the Dardanelles disaster, Churchill was swiftly moved out of government. Forced Out of Politics Churchill was devastated to have been forced out of politics. Although he was still a member of Parliament, it just wasnt enough to keep such an active man busy. Churchill became depressed and worried that his political life was completely over. It was during this time that Churchill learned to paint. It started as a way for him to escape the doldrums, but like everything he did, he worked diligently to improve himself. Churchill continued to paint for the rest of his life. For nearly two years, Churchill was kept out of politics. Then in July 1917, Churchill was invited back and given the position of minister of munitions. The following year, he was named secretary of state for war and air, which put him in charge of bringing all the British soldiers home. A Decade in Politics and a Decade Out The 1920s had its ups and downs for Churchill. In 1921, he was made the secretary of state for the British colonies but only a year later he lost his MP seat while in the hospital with acute appendicitis. Out of office for two years, Churchill found himself leaning again toward the Conservative Party. In 1924, Churchill won a seat as an MP, but this time with Conservative backing. Considering he had just returned to the Conservative Party, Churchill was quite surprised to be given the very important position of chancellor of the exchequer in the new conservative government that same year. Churchill held this position for nearly five years. In addition to his political career, Churchill spent the 1920s writing his monumental, six-volume work on World War I called The World Crisis (1923-1931). When the Labour Party won the national election in 1929, Churchill was once again out of government. For 10 years, he held his MP seat but did not hold a major government position. However, this didnt slow him down. Churchill continued to write, finishing a number of books including his autobiography, My Early Life. He continued to give speeches, many of them warning of Germanys growing power. He also continued to paint and learned bricklaying. By 1938, Churchill was speaking out openly against British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlains plan of appeasement with Nazi Germany. When Nazi Germany attacked Poland, Churchills fears had proved correct. The public once again realized that Churchill had seen this coming. After 10 years out of the government, on September 3, 1939, just two days after Nazi Germany attacked Poland, Churchill was asked to once again become the first lord of the Admiralty. Churchill Leads Great Britain in WWII When Nazi Germany attacked France on May 10, 1940, it was time for Chamberlain to step down as prime minister. Appeasement hadnt worked; it was time for action. The same day that Chamberlain resigned, King George VI asked Churchill to become prime minister. Just three days later, Churchill gave his Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat speech in the House of Commons. This speech was just the first of many morale-boosting speeches made by Churchill to inspire the British to keep fighting against a seemingly invincible enemy. Churchill spurred himself and everyone around him to prepare for war. He also actively courted the United States to join in the hostilities against Nazi Germany. Also, despite Churchills extreme dislike for the communist Soviet Union, his pragmatic side realized he needed their help. By joining forces with both the United States and the Soviet Union, Churchill not only saved Britain but helped save all of Europe from the domination of Nazi Germany. Falls Out of Power, Then Back in Again Although Churchill was given credit for inspiring his nation to win World War II, by the end of the war in Europe, many felt he had lost touch with the daily lives of the people. After suffering through years of hardship, the public didnt want to go back to the hierarchical society of pre-war Britain. They wanted change and equality. On July 15, 1945, the election results from the national election came in and the Labour Party had won. The following day, Churchill, age 70, resigned as prime minister. Churchill remained active. In 1946, he went on a lecture tour in the United States that included his very famous speech, The Sinews of Peace, in which he warned of an iron curtain descending upon Europe. Churchill also continued to make speeches in the House of Commons and to relax at his home and paint. Churchill also continued to write. He used this time to start his six-volume work, The Second World War (1948-1953). Six years after resigning as prime minister, Churchill was again asked to lead Britain. On October 26, 1951, Churchill began his second term as prime minister of the United Kingdom. During his second term, Churchill focused on foreign affairs because he was very worried about the atomic bomb. On June 23, 1953, Churchill suffered a severe stroke. Although the public wasnt told about it, those close to Churchill thought he would have to resign. Surprising everyone, Churchill recovered from the stroke and got back to work. On April 5, 1955, 80-year-old Winston Churchill resigned as prime minister due to failing health. Retirement In his final retirement, Churchill continued to write, finishing his four-volume A History of the English Speaking Peoples (1956-1958). Churchill also continued to give speeches and to paint. During his later years, Churchill earned three impressive awards. On April 24, 1953, Churchill was made knight of the garter by Queen Elizabeth II, making him Sir Winston Churchill. Later that same year, Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Ten years later, on April 9, 1963, President John F. Kennedy awarded Churchill with honorary U.S. citizenship. Death In June 1962, Churchill broke his hip after falling out of his hotel bed. On January 10, 1965, he suffered a massive stroke. He fell into a coma and died on January 24, 1965, at age 90. Churchill had remained a member of Parliament until a year before his death. Legacy Churchill was a gifted statesman, writer, painter, orator, and soldier. Probably his most significant legacy is as a statesman who led his nation and the world during World War II. Both his actions and his words had a profound impact on the outcome of the war. Sources â€Å"The International Churchill Society.†Nicholas, Herbert G. â€Å"Winston Churchill.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 26 Mar. 2019.â€Å"Past Prime Ministers.†Ã‚  History of Sir Winston Churchill - GOV.UK.

INDIAN NEGOTIATION STYLES Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INDIAN NEGOTIATION STYLES - Thesis Example destination for most investors a factor confirmed by the current trend where the country is ranked the third most attractive market for FDI globally (Low, 2010). With the flow of FDI there comes an immediate need for investors to create a rapport with the local business people, the government and in entirety local stakeholders. Otherwise, the chances of failure for a new entrant increase with every breakdown of new negotiations. Weiss (2008), brings to the fore the importance of international business (IB) negotiations. He cites that the numbers of IB negotiations have exploded in the past decade and there is clear evidence that they are not about to abate. At the same time, Weiss (2008), points that IB are not as straight forward due to the presence of existent nuances on how people behave, often represented by culture. In light of these differences, it becomes very important that a negotiating party understands the differences to avoid misunderstanding and thus build mutually benef icial relationships. The identification of India as the next frontier of development has helped draw a lot of attention to the emerging economy. At the same time, those who have taken time to study the economy realize that Indians are a highly cultural people whose cultural tenets dictate every activity they undertake. These cultural nuances are evident even in business negotiations. Based on studies such as those by Low (2010) and Cellich and Jain (2012) it is clear that culture takes on a very critical role in international business negotiations. It is thus very important for every business to immensely invest in understanding the other party’s culture to ensure a positive influence. The urgency to study a foreign culture increases especially when there are clear differences on the approaches, views and cultural cues. This can be said to be the case between India and the US. The latter is historically recognized as home to the world’s major investors while the former is as

Sales and Investment Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales and Investment Fraud - Essay Example Investment frauds are the sale of fraudulent and worthless investments to unsuspecting investors. Sales of worthless partnership interests and telephone marketing frauds are among the common categories of investment frauds (Albrecht, Albrecht and Albrecht 2009, p12). When sales and investment frauds occur, investors, the government, and customers are bound to lose financially in one way or another. According to the Federal Trading Commission (FTC) (2011), investment fraud represents over 50% of consumer dollar injury noted by the organization’s Telemarketing Complaint System. The organization notes that on average, consumers lost 15,000 USD per fraud. In 1996, the organization challenged a case in which fraudsters made more than 100 million USD in total from several consumers over the period in which the scams occurred (Federal Trading Commission 2011). When investments and sales frauds are committed, in many cases a breach of taxation regulations also occur. This means that the government gets to lose valuable incomes as the fraudsters never remit taxes from illegal activities. Investment frauds such as insider trading can impact greatly on the performance of a company in the capital markets. People start distrusting investment companies since they fear that they may be defrauded. Similarly, when the public becomes aware of cases of sales frauds leading to a company’s poor reputation, the company is bound to encounter reduced sales as customers opt for other suppliers. The loss of reputation can negatively impact the company’s performance in the stock markets. In this type of fraud, the early investors are paid with assets of the later investor and thus they tend to believe they have great investments and tell their friends, family, and associates. The phenomenon is capable of creating many customers.